{"id":33535,"date":"2026-10-12T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T02:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/?p=33535"},"modified":"2026-10-13T13:28:04","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T05:28:04","slug":"nginx-upstream-load-balancing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/tutorials\/nginx-upstream-load-balancing\/","title":{"rendered":"Nginx \u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\u6392\u969c\uff1a502 \u9891\u53d1\u65f6\u7528 upstream \u5206\u6d41\u4e0e\u5065\u5eb7\u68c0\u67e5\u6d88\u9664\u5355\u70b9\u6545\u969c"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5355\u53f0\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u625b\u4e0d\u4f4f\u5e76\u53d1\uff0c\u662f\u4e1a\u52a1\u589e\u957f\u540e\u5fc5\u7136\u9047\u5230\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u6700\u5148\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e0d\u662f\u76d1\u63a7\u5927\u76d8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u6237\u62a5\u969c”\u7f51\u7ad9\u5076\u5c14\u6253\u4e0d\u5f00\u3001\u5237\u65b0\u4e00\u4e0b\u53c8\u597d\u4e86”\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f Nginx \u5f00\u59cb\u9891\u7e41\u8fd4\u56de 502\uff08\u540e\u7aef\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fbe\u9519\u8bef\uff09\u7684\u524d\u5146\uff0c\u6839\u6e90\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5355\u673a\u8fc7\u8f7d\u6216\u5355\u70b9\u6545\u969c\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6559\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\uff08load balancing\uff0c\u628a\u8bf7\u6c42\u5206\u644a\u5230\u591a\u53f0\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff09\u89e3\u51b3 502 \u9891\u53d1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e0e\u5176\u53cd\u590d\u91cd\u542f\u6551\u706b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5728\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u4e00\u5c42 Nginx upstream \u5206\u6d41\uff0c\u7528\u4e24\u53f0\u666e\u901a\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5171\u540c\u627f\u62c5\u6d41\u91cf\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u53f0\u6545\u969c\u65f6\u8bf7\u6c42\u81ea\u52a8\u5207\u8d70\u3002\u4e0b\u6587\u8986\u76d6\u5206\u6d41\u3001\u5bb9\u9519\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u68c0\u67e5\u4e09\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u90fd\u7ed9\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u590d\u5236\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u770b\u5b8c\u8fd9\u7bc7\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e00\u5957\u5355\u673a\u670d\u52a1\u5e73\u7a33\u6269\u5c55\u6210\u53cc\u673a\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u8ba9 502 \u4ece”\u5e38\u6001”\u53d8\u56de”\u5f02\u5e38”\u3002<\/p>\n

\"Nginx<\/p>\n

upstream \u57fa\u7840\uff1a\u6700\u5c0f\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\u914d\u7f6e<\/h2>\n

upstream \u662f Nginx \u5b9a\u4e49\u540e\u7aef\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7ec4\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6bb5\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u4ece\u5b83\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e24\u53f0\u540e\u7aef\u673a 192.168.1.10<\/code> \u548c 192.168.1.11<\/code>\uff0c\u90fd\u76d1\u542c 8080 \u7aef\u53e3\u63d0\u4f9b\u540c\u6837\u7684 Web \u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5728 Nginx \u914d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5199\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n

upstream backend {\n    server 192.168.1.10:8080;\n    server 192.168.1.11:8080;\n}\n\nserver {\n    listen 80;\n    server_name example.com;\n\n    location \/ {\n        proxy_pass http:\/\/backend;\n        proxy_set_header Host $host;\n        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;\n    }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4fdd\u5b58\u540e\u6267\u884c nginx -t<\/code> \u68c0\u67e5\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u518d nginx -s reload<\/code> \u5e73\u6ed1\u751f\u6548\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u8f6e\u8be2\uff08round-robin\uff0c\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u9010\u4e2a\u5206\u53d1\uff09\uff0c\u8bf7\u6c42\u4f1a\u4e00\u6bd4\u4e00\u4ea4\u66ff\u5230\u8fbe\u4e24\u53f0\u540e\u7aef\u3002\u9a8c\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u5728\u4e24\u53f0\u540e\u7aef\u5206\u522b\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u9875\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u673a\u5668\u540d\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528 curl http:\/\/example.com<\/code> \u8fde\u7eed\u8bf7\u6c42\u51e0\u6b21\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u8fd4\u56de\u5185\u5bb9\u4ea4\u66ff\u53d8\u5316\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\u5206\u53d1\u5df2\u7ecf\u751f\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bb9\u6613\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff1a\u4e00\u662f proxy_set_header Host $host<\/code> \u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4e0a\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u540e\u7aef\u6536\u5230\u7684 Host \u5934\u662f upstream \u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u865a\u62df\u4e3b\u673a<\/a>\u914d\u7f6e\u4f1a\u5168\u90e8\u5931\u7075\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f X-Real-IP<\/code> \u4f20\u9012\u771f\u5b9e\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef IP\uff0c\u7f3a\u5c11\u5b83\u540e\u7aef\u65e5\u5fd7\u91cc\u5168\u662f\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\u673a\u7684\u5185\u7f51\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u6392\u67e5\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u65e0\u4ece\u4e0b\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u52a0\u6743\u4e0e\u5bb9\u9519\uff1a\u8ba9\u5206\u53d1\u7b56\u7565\u5339\u914d\u673a\u5668\u5dee\u5f02<\/h2>\n
\u4e24\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8f6e\u8be2\u5c31\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u4e86\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u53f0 8 \u6838\u3001\u4e00\u53f0 4 \u6838\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u5927\u7ea6\u662f 2:1\uff0c\u7528 weight \u53c2\u6570\u8c03\u6574\u6743\u91cd\uff1a<\/p>\n
upstream backend {\n    server 192.168.1.10:8080 weight=2;\n    server 192.168.1.11:8080 weight=1;\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\u6bcf 3 \u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7ea6\u6709 2 \u4e2a\u843d\u5230\u5f3a\u673a\u4e0a\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6743\u91cd\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5e94\u5bf9\u540e\u7aef\u6545\u969c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u53c2\u6570\uff1amax_fails<\/code> \u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u6b21\u6570\u3001fail_timeout<\/code> \u5224\u5b9a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 server 192.168.1.11:8080 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=10s;<\/code> \u8868\u793a 10 \u79d2\u5185\u5931\u8d25 2 \u6b21\u5c31\u628a\u8be5\u8282\u70b9\u6682\u65f6\u8e22\u51fa\u5206\u53d1\uff0c10 \u79d2\u540e\u518d\u653e\u8bf7\u6c42\u8bd5\u63a2\u6062\u590d\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6545\u969c\u8f6c\u79fb\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9e\u9645\u6f14\u7ec3\u8fc7\u624d\u7b97\u6570\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u505c\u6389\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u53f0\u540e\u7aef\uff08systemctl stop nginx<\/code>\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5faa\u73af\u8bf7\u6c42\u5165\u53e3\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u8bf7\u6c42\u4ecd\u7136 200 \u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5931\u8d25\u8f6c\u79fb\u751f\u6548\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u90e8\u5206 502\uff08\u540e\u7aef\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fbe\u9519\u8bef\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8d85\u65f6\u53c2\u6570\u592a\u7d27\uff0c\u5728 location \u91cc\u8865\u4e0a proxy_next_upstream error timeout;<\/code> \u548c proxy_connect_timeout 3s;<\/code>\uff0c\u8ba9 Nginx \u5728\u8fde\u63a5\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u628a\u8bf7\u6c42\u8f6c\u6295\u53e6\u4e00\u53f0\u540e\u7aef\u3002\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4fdd\u6301\u573a\u666f\uff08\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u72b6\u6001\u5b58\u5728\u5355\u673a\u5185\u5b58\u91cc\uff09\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u52a0 ip_hash<\/code> \u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u8ba9\u540c\u4e00 IP \u56fa\u5b9a\u8bbf\u95ee\u540c\u4e00\u540e\u7aef\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7684\u5747\u5300\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u628a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5916\u7f6e\u5230 Redis \u7b49\u5171\u4eab\u5b58\u50a8\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u5b9e\u8df5\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003Redis \u6301\u4e45\u5316\u4e0e\u6062\u590d\u5b9e\u8df5<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n
\"\u52a0\u6743\u5206\u53d1\u793a\u610f\uff1a\u8bf7\u6c42\u6309\u6743\u91cd\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6d41\u5411\u4e24\u53f0\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u540e\u7aef\u8282\u70b9\"<\/p>\n
\u5065\u5eb7\u68c0\u67e5\uff1a\u7528\u5907\u4efd\u8282\u70b9\u515c\u4f4f\u5355\u70b9\u6545\u969c<\/h2>\n
\u5f00\u6e90\u7248 Nginx \u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u7f6e\u4e3b\u52a8\u5065\u5eb7\u68c0\u67e5\uff08\u5b9a\u671f\u63a2\u6d4b\u540e\u7aef\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u52a8\u5931\u8d25\u8f6c\u79fb\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a backup \u8282\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u7ec4\u6210\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u515c\u5e95\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u6240\u8c13 backup \u8282\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u5e73\u65f6\u4e0d\u63a5\u6d41\u91cf\u3001\u53ea\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u5e38\u8282\u70b9\u90fd\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u624d\u9876\u4e0a\u7684\u5907\u7528\u673a\uff1a<\/p>\n
upstream backend {\n    server 192.168.1.10:8080 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=10s;\n    server 192.168.1.11:8080 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=10s;\n    server 192.168.1.12:8080 backup;\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u628a”\u4e24\u53f0\u540c\u65f6\u6302”\u7684\u6982\u7387\u538b\u5230\u6781\u4f4e\u3002\u65e5\u5e38\u6d41\u91cf\u5728 10 \u548c 11 \u4e4b\u95f4\u8f6e\u8be2\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u53f0\u6545\u969c\u5148\u88ab\u8e22\u51fa\u3001\u53e6\u4e00\u53f0\u63a5\u7ba1\uff1b\u4e07\u4e00\u4e24\u53f0\u90fd\u6302\uff0c12 \u53f7\u673a\u81ea\u52a8\u4e0a\u7ebf\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u81f3\u5c11\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u964d\u7ea7\u9875\u9762\u3002\u5bf9\u4e1a\u52a1\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a backup \u8282\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u533a\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u673a\u623f\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9694\u79bb\u7269\u7406\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5224\u65ad\u540e\u7aef\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63”\u5065\u5eb7”\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u770b\u7aef\u53e3\u901a\u4e0d\u901a\u3002\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u63a2\u6d4b\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5728\u6bcf\u53f0\u540e\u7aef\u4e0a\u653e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u7528\u7684 \/healthz<\/code> \u68c0\u67e5\u9875\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u7b80\u5355\u67e5\u8be2\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u72b6\u6001\u2014\u2014\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6302\u4e86\u5373\u4f7f Nginx \u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fd8\u6d3b\u7740\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5\u9875\u4e5f\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\uff0c\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\u673a\u5c31\u80fd\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u5e76\u505c\u6b62\u5206\u53d1\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u601d\u8def\u914d\u5408\u5916\u90e8\u76d1\u63a7\u6548\u679c\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u628a\u63a2\u6d4b\u544a\u8b66\u63a5\u5165 Grafana \u7b49\u9762\u677f\u7684\u90e8\u7f72\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003Grafana \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u76d1\u63a7\u90e8\u7f72\u5b9e\u8df5<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n
\"\u6545\u969c\u8f6c\u79fb\u793a\u610f\uff1a\u4e00\u53f0\u540e\u7aef\u5b95\u673a\u540e\u8bf7\u6c42\u6cbf\u5907\u7528\u8def\u5f84\u81ea\u52a8\u5207\u6362\u5230\u5065\u5eb7\u8282\u70b9\"<\/p>\n
\u90e8\u7f72\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u843d\u5730\u5efa\u8bae<\/h2>\n
\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\u673a\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u9009\u578b\u8981\u6c42\u4e0d\u9ad8\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u53ea\u505a\u8f6c\u53d1\u4e0d\u505a\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c1-2 \u6838\u7684\u5c0f\u673a\u578b\u5c31\u591f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7f51\u7edc\u8d28\u91cf\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u51fa\u6d41\u91cf\u90fd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5b83\u3002\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\u673a\u4e0e\u540e\u7aef\u673a\u653e\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5185\u7f51\uff08\u79c1\u7f51\u4e92\u8054\uff09\u65f6\u8f6c\u53d1\u5ef6\u8fdf\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u8de8\u673a\u623f\u5219\u8981\u8bc4\u4f30\u7ebf\u8def\u5f00\u9500\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u89c4\u5212\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u5957\u591a\u673a\u67b6\u6784\uff0cVPS\uff08\u865a\u62df\u4e13\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff09\u65b9\u6848<\/a>\u652f\u6301\u6309\u53f0\u6570\u7075\u6d3b\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540e\u7aef\u8282\u70b9\u8d77\u6b65\uff1b\u6d41\u91cf\u7ee7\u7eed\u589e\u957f\u540e\u518d\u5347\u7ea7\u72ec\u7acb\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/a>\u627f\u62c5\u6838\u5fc3\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u8d1f\u8f7d\u67b6\u6784\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u63a8\u5012\u91cd\u6765\u3002Hostease \u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u65b9\u6848\u652f\u6301\u79c1\u7f51\u4e92\u8054\uff0c\u591a\u673a\u7ec4\u7f51\u65f6\u5185\u7f51\u8f6c\u53d1\u5ef6\u8fdf\u66f4\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n
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