{"id":31525,"date":"2026-07-10T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-07-10T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/uncategorized\/postgresql-guide-optimization-practical\/"},"modified":"2026-07-10T19:41:02","modified_gmt":"2026-07-10T11:41:02","slug":"postgresql-guide-optimization-practical","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/tutorials\/postgresql-guide-optimization-practical\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL \u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18\u6307\u5357\uff1a\u7d22\u5f15\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u4e0e\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\u5b9e\u6218"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PostgreSQL \u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18\" src=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/postgresql-guide-optimization-practical-cover.webp\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f60\u7684 PostgreSQL \u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6162\uff1f<\/h2>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u7ad9\u957f\u5728\u7f51\u7ad9\u521d\u671f\u9009\u62e9 PostgreSQL\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u5f00\u6e90\u5173\u7cfb\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u521d\u671f\u8fd0\u884c\u6d41\u7545\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u589e\u957f\u5230\u51e0\u5341\u4e07\u751a\u81f3\u4e0a\u767e\u4e07\u884c\uff0c\u67e5\u8be2\u54cd\u5e94\u65f6\u95f4\u4ece\u6beb\u79d2\u7ea7\u98d9\u5347\u5230\u79d2\u7ea7\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53cd\u9988\u9875\u9762\u52a0\u8f7d\u5361\u987f\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7d22\u5f15\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u914d\u7f6e\u7f3a\u5931\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u8bed\u53e5\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ece\u4e09\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u7ef4\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u7d22\u5f15\u4f18\u5316\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u8c03\u4f18\u2014\u2014\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u89e3\u51b3 PostgreSQL \u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4f60\u662f\u5728 <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/vps\/\">VPS\uff08\u865a\u62df\u4e13\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff09<\/a> \u4e0a\u8dd1\u5c0f\u578b\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u627f\u8f7d\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u9002\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7d22\u5f15\u4f18\u5316\uff1a\u8ba9\u67e5\u8be2\u901f\u5ea6\u63d0\u5347 10 \u500d\u7684\u5173\u952e<\/h2>\n<p>\u7d22\u5f15\u662f PostgreSQL \u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9053\u95e8\u69db\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u9700\u8981\u9010\u884c\u626b\u63cf\u6574\u5f20\u8868\uff08\u5168\u8868\u626b\u63cf\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u8868\u6570\u636e\u8d85\u8fc7 10 \u4e07\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8017\u65f6\u4f1a\u6025\u5267\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>B-tree \u7d22\u5f15\uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7528\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<p>PostgreSQL \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528 B-tree \u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u7b49\u503c\u67e5\u8be2\uff08<code>=<\/code>\uff09\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u67e5\u8be2\uff08<code>BETWEEN<\/code>\u3001<code>&gt;<\/code>\u3001<code>&lt;<\/code>\uff09\u3002\u521b\u5efa\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users (email);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f46\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u70b9\uff1a<strong>\u590d\u5408\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u5217\u987a\u5e8f\u51b3\u5b9a\u67e5\u8be2\u6548\u7387<\/strong>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u6761\u4ef6\u7ecf\u5e38\u662f <code>WHERE status = 'active' AND created_at &gt; '2026-01-01'<\/code>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7d22\u5f15\u5e94\u8be5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">CREATE INDEX idx_users_status_created ON users (status, created_at);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u628a\u7b49\u503c\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5217\u653e\u5728\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5217\u653e\u5728\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837 PostgreSQL \u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u901a\u8fc7 <code>status<\/code> \u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u96c6\uff0c\u518d\u5728\u5b50\u96c6\u5185\u7528 <code>created_at<\/code> \u505a\u8303\u56f4\u7b5b\u9009\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u90e8\u5206\u7d22\u5f15\uff1a\u53ea\u7d22\u5f15\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u7ecf\u5e38\u53ea\u9488\u5bf9\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u6570\u636e\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u53ea\u67e5\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7528\u6237\u3001\u672a\u5904\u7406\u8ba2\u5355\uff09\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u7d22\u5f15\uff08Partial Index\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5e45\u51cf\u5c11\u7d22\u5f15\u4f53\u79ef\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u6210\u672c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">CREATE INDEX idx_orders_pending ON orders (created_at)\nWHERE status = 'pending';\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7d22\u5f15\u53ea\u5305\u542b <code>status = 'pending'<\/code> \u7684\u884c\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u5168\u8868\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4f53\u79ef\u53ef\u80fd\u7f29\u5c0f 90% \u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5199\u5165\u6027\u80fd\u5f00\u9500\u4e5f\u76f8\u5e94\u964d\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u8986\u76d6\u7d22\u5f15\uff1a\u8ba9\u67e5\u8be2\u53ea\u8bfb\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0d\u8bfb\u8868<\/h3>\n<p>\u5f53\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5217\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u5728\u7d22\u5f15\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0cPostgreSQL \u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u7d22\u5f15\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u56de\u8868\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8986\u76d6\u7d22\u5f15\uff08Covering Index\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">CREATE INDEX idx_products_covering ON products (category_id, price)\nINCLUDE (name, stock);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u8be2 <code>SELECT name, stock FROM products WHERE category_id = 5 AND price &lt; 100<\/code> \u65f6\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u53ea\u626b\u63cf\u7d22\u5f15\u5c31\u80fd\u62ff\u5230\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\uff0cIO \u5f00\u9500\u964d\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PostgreSQL B-tree \u7d22\u5f15\u7ed3\u6784\" src=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/postgresql-guide-optimization-practical-index.webp\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u7d22\u5f15\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\uff1a\u5148\u7528 <code>EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> \u786e\u8ba4\u6162\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u518d\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u5730\u521b\u5efa\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f2\u76ee\u7ed9\u6bcf\u5217\u90fd\u52a0\u7d22\u5f15\u3002\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0d\u662f\u8d8a\u591a\u8d8a\u597d\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u5199\u5165\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08INSERT\/UPDATE\/DELETE\uff09\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u7ef4\u62a4\u8868\u6570\u636e\u548c\u7d22\u5f15\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003 <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/server\/\">\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f18\u5316\u6307\u5357<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u914d\u7f6e\uff1a\u907f\u514d\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u88ab\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u538b\u57ae<\/h2>\n<p>PostgreSQL \u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5728 PostgreSQL \u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u9500\u6bc1\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u4e0d\u5c0f\u3002\u5f53\u5e76\u53d1\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u4ece 20 \u6da8\u5230 200 \u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0 CPU \u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u98d9\u5347\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u67e5\u8be2\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u53cd\u800c\u4e0b\u964d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u5e94\u7528\u4ee3\u7801\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u8bf7\u6c42\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u5728\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u82b1\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u5728&#8221;\u521b\u5efa\u8fde\u63a5\u2192\u9500\u6bc1\u8fde\u63a5&#8221;\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6267\u884c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e4b\u95f4\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u7ec4\u590d\u7528\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u53cd\u590d\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u9500\u6bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>PgBouncer \u5b9e\u6218\u914d\u7f6e<\/h3>\n<p>PgBouncer \u662f PostgreSQL \u751f\u6001\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5408\u4e2d\u5c0f\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-ini\">[databases]\nmydb = host=127.0.0.1 port=5432 dbname=mydb\n\n[pgbouncer]\nlisten_port = 6432\nlisten_addr = 127.0.0.1\nauth_type = md5\nauth_file = \/etc\/pgbouncer\/userlist.txt\npool_mode = transaction\ndefault_pool_size = 20\nmax_client_conn = 200\nmin_pool_size = 5\nreserve_pool_size = 3\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u53c2\u6570\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>pool_mode = transaction<\/code>\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u8fde\u63a5\u5f52\u8fd8\u6c60\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bd4 <code>session<\/code> \u6a21\u5f0f\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u5927\u591a\u6570 Web \u5e94\u7528<\/li>\n<li><code>default_pool_size = 20<\/code>\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7528\u6237-\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5bf9\u7ef4\u62a4 20 \u4e2a\u540e\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u8db3\u591f\u5e94\u5bf9\u65e5\u5e38\u5e76\u53d1<\/li>\n<li><code>max_client_conn = 200<\/code>\uff1a\u524d\u7aef\u6700\u591a\u63a5\u53d7 200 \u4e2a\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u7aef\u5b9e\u9645\u53ea\u7528 20 \u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u670d\u52a1\u5b83\u4eec<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u76f4\u63a5\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0e\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u5bf9\u6bd4\" src=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/postgresql-guide-optimization-practical-pool.webp\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u914d\u7f6e\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u628a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5730\u5740\u4ece <code>5432<\/code> \u6539\u6210 <code>6432<\/code> \u5373\u53ef\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90e8\u7f72\u5728 <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/dedicated-server\/\">\u72ec\u7acb\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/a> \u4e0a\u7684\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u5fc5\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\uff1a\u7528 EXPLAIN \u627e\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u74f6\u9888<\/h2>\n<p>\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u662f&#8221;\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd&#8221;\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u6162\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e SQL \u8bed\u53e5\u672c\u8eab\u5199\u5f97\u4e0d\u591f\u9ad8\u6548\u3002PostgreSQL \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 <code>EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> \u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u6bcf\u6761\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u8bfb\u61c2 EXPLAIN ANALYZE \u8f93\u51fa<\/h3>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = 12345 ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 10;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u51e0\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6307\u6807\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>Seq Scan<\/code>\uff08\u987a\u5e8f\u626b\u63cf\uff09\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5168\u8868\u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u8868\u4e0a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7f3a\u5c11\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7d22\u5f15<\/li>\n<li><code>Index Scan<\/code>\uff08\u7d22\u5f15\u626b\u63cf\uff09\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u72b6\u6001<\/li>\n<li><code>actual time<\/code>\uff1a\u5b9e\u9645\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u9996\u884c\u8fd4\u56de\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u8fd4\u56de\u65f6\u95f4<\/li>\n<li><code>rows<\/code>\uff1a\u4f30\u8ba1\u626b\u63cf\u884c\u6570 vs \u5b9e\u9645\u626b\u63cf\u884c\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5dee\u8ddd\u5927\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u8fc7\u65f6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u53cd\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h3>\n<p>\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5728 WHERE \u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5217\u505a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">-- \u6162\uff1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\nSELECT * FROM users WHERE YEAR(created_at) = 2026;\n\n-- \u5feb\uff1a\u5229\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\nSELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at &gt;= '2026-01-01' AND created_at &lt; '2027-01-01';\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>SELECT \u53d6\u6240\u6709\u5217<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">-- \u6162\uff1a\u4f20\u8f93\u5927\u91cf\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\nSELECT * FROM products WHERE category_id = 5;\n\n-- \u5feb\uff1a\u53ea\u53d6\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5217\nSELECT id, name, price FROM products WHERE category_id = 5;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>N+1 \u67e5\u8be2\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5e94\u7528\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u5faa\u73af\u6267\u884c\u5355\u6761\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5148\u67e5\u51fa 100 \u4e2a\u7528\u6237 ID\uff0c\u518d\u9010\u4e2a\u67e5\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8ba2\u5355\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u7528 <code>JOIN<\/code> \u6216\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u5b8c\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">SELECT u.id, u.name, COUNT(o.id) AS order_count\nFROM users u LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id\nWHERE u.status = 'active'\nGROUP BY u.id, u.name;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PostgreSQL \u67e5\u8be2\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\u5206\u6790\" src=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/postgresql-guide-optimization-practical-explain.webp\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\u6280\u5de7\u914d\u5408\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u80fd\u8ba9\u67e5\u8be2\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347 5-50 \u500d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u90e8\u7f72\u5728\u4e91\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u6309\u9700\u5206\u914d\u8ba1\u7b97\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6258\u7ba1\u670d\u52a1\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\u8fd8\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u964d\u4f4e CPU \u548c\u5185\u5b58\u6d88\u8017\uff0c\u8282\u7701\u8fd0\u7ef4\u6210\u672c\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003 <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/optimization\/\">\u7f51\u7ad9\u4f18\u5316\u4e13\u680f<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u76d1\u63a7\u4e0e\u65e5\u5e38\u7ef4\u62a4\uff1a\u8ba9\u6027\u80fd\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u7ebf<\/h2>\n<p>\u8c03\u4f18\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0cPostgreSQL \u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u6570\u636e\u589e\u957f\u548c\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u9000\u5316\u3002\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u5957\u6301\u7eed\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u5b9a\u671f\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8ba9\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u957f\u671f\u4fdd\u6301\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>pg_stat_statements\uff1a\u627e\u5230\u6700\u6162\u7684\u67e5\u8be2<\/h3>\n<p>\u542f\u7528 <code>pg_stat_statements<\/code> \u6269\u5c55\u540e\uff0cPostgreSQL \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u8bb0\u5f55\u6240\u6709\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6267\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002\u9996\u5148\u5728 <code>postgresql.conf<\/code> \u4e2d\u542f\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-ini\">shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_stat_statements'\npg_stat_statements.track = all\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u91cd\u542f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540e\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u67e5\u8be2\u627e\u51fa\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u6700\u957f\u7684 Top 10 \u6162\u67e5\u8be2\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, mean_exec_time\nFROM pg_stat_statements\nORDER BY total_exec_time DESC\nLIMIT 10;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u4f1a\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u54ea\u4e9b\u67e5\u8be2\u6d88\u8017\u4e86\u6700\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f18\u5148\u4f18\u5316\u8fd9\u4e9b\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>VACUUM \u548c ANALYZE\uff1a\u4fdd\u6301\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u51c6\u786e<\/h3>\n<p>PostgreSQL \u4f7f\u7528 MVCC\uff08\u591a\u7248\u672c\u5e76\u53d1\u63a7\u5236\uff09\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21 UPDATE \u6216 DELETE \u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u91ca\u653e\u65e7\u6570\u636e\u5360\u7528\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a&#8221;\u53ef\u56de\u6536&#8221;\u3002<code>VACUUM<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8d1f\u8d23\u6e05\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u91ca\u653e\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f9b\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">-- \u624b\u52a8\u6e05\u7406\u5355\u5f20\u8868\nVACUUM ANALYZE orders;\n\n-- \u67e5\u770b\u8868\u7684\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\u6bd4\u4f8b\nSELECT relname, n_dead_tup, n_live_tup,\n       round(n_dead_tup::numeric \/ GREATEST(n_live_tup, 1) * 100, 2) AS dead_ratio\nFROM pg_stat_user_tables\nORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5efa\u8bae\u914d\u7f6e <code>autovacuum<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8ba9\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u81ea\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u6e05\u7406\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-ini\">autovacuum = on\nautovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.1\nautovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.05\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u5f53\u8868\u4e2d\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8d85\u8fc7 10% \u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u89e6\u53d1 VACUUM\uff0c\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u53d8\u5316\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8d85\u8fc7 5% \u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u89e6\u53d1 ANALYZE \u66f4\u65b0\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u76d1\u63a7<\/h3>\n<p>\u5b9a\u671f\u68c0\u67e5\u5f53\u524d\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e0a\u9650\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sql\">SELECT count(*) AS current_connections,\n       setting AS max_connections\nFROM pg_stat_activity, pg_settings\nWHERE pg_settings.name = 'max_connections'\nGROUP BY setting;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u957f\u671f\u8d85\u8fc7\u6700\u5927\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u7684 80%\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u8981\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u5927 <code>max_connections<\/code>\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u4f18\u5316\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PostgreSQL \u76d1\u63a7\u4e0e\u7ef4\u62a4\u56db\u5927\u6307\u6807\" src=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/postgresql-guide-optimization-practical-monitor.webp\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u884c\u52a8\u5efa\u8bae<\/h2>\n<p>PostgreSQL \u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u7d22\u5f15\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\u548c\u6301\u7eed\u76d1\u63a7\u56db\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u76ee\u524d\u53ea\u505a\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6b65\u9aa4\u5f00\u59cb\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u5148\u627e\u5230\u74f6\u9888<\/strong>\uff1a\u542f\u7528 <code>pg_stat_statements<\/code>\uff0c\u5b9a\u4f4d Top 5 \u6162\u67e5\u8be2<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u4f18\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5bf9\u6162\u67e5\u8be2\u8fd0\u884c <code>EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code>\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u7f3a\u5c11\u7d22\u5f15\u3001\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5168\u8868\u626b\u63cf<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u914d\u7f6e\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60<\/strong>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u5e76\u53d1\u8d85\u8fc7 50\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u90e8\u7f72 PgBouncer<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5efa\u7acb\u76d1\u63a7<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9a\u671f\u68c0\u67e5\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u548c\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\uff0c\u63d0\u524d\u53d1\u73b0\u6027\u80fd\u9000\u5316<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u53f0\u7a33\u5b9a\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6765\u8fd0\u884c PostgreSQL\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651 Hostease \u7684 <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/vps\/\">VPS \u4e3b\u673a\u65b9\u6848<\/a>\uff0c\u652f\u6301 SSD \u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u4e2d\u5c0f\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u90e8\u7f72\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4ece\u7d22\u5f15\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u914d\u7f6e\u5230\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u624b\u628a\u624b\u6559\u4f60\u89e3\u51b3 PostgreSQL \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6162\u67e5\u8be2\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u5e94\u7528\u54cd\u5e94\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":31520,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4099],"tags":[4507,2771,682,4508,4509],"class_list":["post-31525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tutorials","tag-postgresql-2","tag-2771","tag-682","tag-4508","tag-4509"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/postgresql-guide-optimization-practical-cover.webp","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31525","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31525"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31525\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31681,"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31525\/revisions\/31681"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31520"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31525"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31525"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31525"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}