\u5982\u4f55\u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5e76\u89e3\u51b3 PostgreSQL \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\uff1f\u968f\u7740\u4e1a\u52a1\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u6301\u7eed\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u6d41\u7545\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u5f00\u59cb\u53d8\u5f97\u7f13\u6162\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c\u9010\u6b65\u6076\u5316\u3002PostgreSQL \u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18\u5e76\u975e\u7384\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u7d22\u5f15\u7b56\u7565\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406\u5230\u67e5\u8be2\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ece\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u7ef4\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f60\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4efd\u53ef\u7acb\u5373\u843d\u5730\u7684\u8c03\u4f18\u6307\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7d22\u5f15\u662f\u63d0\u5347\u67e5\u8be2\u901f\u5ea6\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002PostgreSQL \u63d0\u4f9b\u591a\u79cd\u7d22\u5f15\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u901f\u6570\u636e\u68c0\u7d22\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u662f B-tree\u3001GIN \u548c GiST\u3002B-tree \u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7d22\u5f15\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7b49\u503c\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570 OLTP\uff08\u8054\u673a\u4e8b\u52a1\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5373\u9762\u5411\u5b9e\u65f6\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\u573a\u666f\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\u3002GIN\uff08\u901a\u7528\u5012\u6392\u7d22\u5f15\uff09\u64c5\u957f\u5904\u7406 JSONB\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u548c\u5168\u6587\u641c\u7d22\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5199\u5165\u5f00\u9500\u8f83\u5927\u4f46\u67e5\u8be2\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5f02\u3002GiST\uff08\u901a\u7528\u641c\u7d22\u6811\uff09\u5219\u4e13\u95e8\u9488\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u7c7b\u578b\u67e5\u8be2\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4f18\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
\u590d\u5408\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u5217\u987a\u5e8f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5e94\u5c06\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5217\u653e\u5728\u6700\u5de6\u4fa7\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u7528\u6237ID\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u6237ID\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6027\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c06\u7528\u6237ID\u4f5c\u4e3a\u590d\u5408\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6548\u679c\u3002\u5b9a\u671f\u4f7f\u7528 \u5f53\u5e94\u7528\u89c4\u6a21\u6269\u5c55\u65f6\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u4f1a\u6025\u5267\u589e\u957f\u3002PostgreSQL \u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5\u5206\u914d\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u540e\u7aef\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u90fd\u4f1a\u6d88\u8017\u7ea6 5-10MB \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u5728\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6570\u767e\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5185\u5b58\u8017\u5c3d\u3002\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\uff08\u9884\u5148\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u590d\u7528\u673a\u5236\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\uff0c\u5c06\u5b9e\u9645\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u63a7\u5236\u5728\u5408\u7406\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n PgBouncer \u662f\u6700\u6d41\u884c\u7684 PostgreSQL \u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4e09\u79cd\u6c60\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u4f1a\u8bdd\u72ec\u5360\u8fde\u63a5\uff09\u3001\u4e8b\u52a1\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u7acb\u5373\u91ca\u653e\u8fde\u63a5\uff09\u548c\u8bed\u53e5\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u6bcf\u6761\u8bed\u53e5\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u91ca\u653e\uff09\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u573a\u666f\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8b\u52a1\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u8fde\u63a5\u590d\u7528\u6548\u7387\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u826f\u597d\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u914d\u7f6e\u65f6\u9700\u6ce8\u610f\u5c06 \u5f53\u67d0\u4e2a\u67e5\u8be2\u51fa\u73b0\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u884c\u6570\u4f30\u7b97\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u5f53\u4f18\u5316\u5668\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u6b65\u9aa4\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\u884c\u6570\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u884c\u6570\u76f8\u5dee\u8d85\u8fc7 10 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\u89c6\u56fe\u68c0\u67e5\u7d22\u5f15\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\uff0c\u5220\u9664\u957f\u671f\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5197\u4f59\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u5199\u5165\u65f6\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u5f00\u9500\u5e76\u8282\u7701\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\uff1a\u7528 PgBouncer \u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5<\/h2>\n
default_pool_size<\/code> \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a CPU \u6838\u5fc3\u6570\u7684 2-4 \u500d\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8fde\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5207\u6362\u5f00\u9500\u3002<\/p>\n\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\uff1a\u8bfb\u61c2 EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/h2>\n
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)<\/code> \u662f\u4f60\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bca\u65ad\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u884c\u6570\u4f30\u7b97\u51c6\u786e\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u9879\u6307\u6807\uff1a\u987a\u5e8f\u626b\u63cf\uff08Seq Scan\uff09\u662f\u5426\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u8868\u4e0a\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7f3a\u5c11\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\uff1b\u5d4c\u5957\u5faa\u73af\uff08Nested Loop\uff09\u5728\u5927\u7ed3\u679c\u96c6\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u6574 join_collapse_limit<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u663e\u5f0f JOIN \u8bed\u6cd5\u6765\u5f15\u5bfc\u4f18\u5316\u5668\u9009\u62e9\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u8fde\u63a5\uff08Hash Join\uff09\u3002<\/p>\nANALYZE<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u66f4\u65b0\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8c03\u6574 default_statistics_target<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u7edf\u8ba1\u91c7\u6837\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\u5173\u952e\u914d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u8c03\u4f18<\/h2>\n
shared_buffers<\/code>\uff08\u5171\u4eab\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\uff09\u5efa\u8bae\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u5b58\u7684 25%\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f PostgreSQL \u7528\u4e8e\u7f13\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u9875\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5b58\u533a\u57df\u3002effective_cache_size<\/code>\uff08\u6709\u6548\u7f13\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff09\u5e94\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u5b58\u7684 50-75%\uff0c\u5b83\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f18\u5316\u5668\u4f30\u7b97\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u5bb9\u91cf\u3002work_mem<\/code>\uff08\u5de5\u4f5c\u5185\u5b58\uff09\u63a7\u5236\u6392\u5e8f\u548c\u54c8\u5e0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fc7\u9ad8\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5185\u5b58\u6ea2\u51fa\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4ece 4MB \u8d77\u6b65\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u9645\u67e5\u8be2\u9700\u6c42\u9010\u6b65\u8c03\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\nwal_buffers<\/code> \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u901a\u5e38\u504f\u5c0f\uff0c\u5728\u5199\u5165\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u5efa\u8bae\u589e\u52a0\u5230 64MB\u3002checkpoint_completion_target<\/code> \u63a7\u5236\u68c0\u67e5\u70b9\u5199\u5165\u7684\u5e73\u6ed1\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 0.9 \u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u51cf\u5c11 I\/O \u6bdb\u523a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u9700\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\u8d1f\u8f7d\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u51c6\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u76f2\u76ee\u5957\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n\u5b9e\u9645\u90e8\u7f72\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9009\u578b<\/h2>\n
vm.swappiness<\/code> \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u8f83\u4f4e\u503c\uff08\u5982 1 \u6216 5\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u5b58\u6362\u51fa\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002vm.dirty_background_ratio<\/code> \u548c vm.dirty_ratio<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u63a7\u5236\u810f\u9875\u5237\u76d8\u7684\u65f6\u673a\uff0c\u5408\u7406\u914d\u7f6e\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5927\u91cf\u5199\u5165\u65f6\u7684 I\/O \u6bdb\u523a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7981\u7528\u4e86\u900f\u660e\u5927\u9875\uff08THP\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a THP \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5408\u5e76\u673a\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e PostgreSQL \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u4ea7\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n\u76d1\u63a7\u4e0e\u6301\u7eed\u4f18\u5316<\/h2>\n
pg_stat_statements<\/code> \u6269\u5c55\u6536\u96c6\u6162\u67e5\u8be2\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u914d\u5408 Prometheus \u548c Grafana \u642d\u5efa\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u76d1\u63a7\u9762\u677f\u3002\u5b9a\u671f\u68c0\u67e5\u7f13\u5b58\u547d\u4e2d\u7387\uff08\u5e94\u4fdd\u6301\u5728 99% \u4ee5\u4e0a\uff09\u3001\u9501\u7b49\u5f85\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u6d3b\u8dc3\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8b\u52a1\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u7b49\u5173\u952e\u6307\u6807\u3002\u5f53\u53d1\u73b0\u6027\u80fd\u9000\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5386\u53f2\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\u6765\u5b9a\u4f4d\u95ee\u9898\u6839\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\npg_prewarm<\/code> \u6269\u5c55\u5728\u91cd\u542f\u540e\u5feb\u901f\u9884\u70ed\u7f13\u5b58\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u51b7\u542f\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6296\u52a8\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bfb\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u914d\u7f6e\u6d41\u590d\u5236\uff08Streaming Replication\uff09\u5b9e\u73b0\u8bfb\u5199\u5206\u79bb\u662f\u63d0\u5347\u541e\u5410\u91cf\uff08\u53ef\u53c2\u8003\u6258\u7ba1\u65b9\u6848\u9009\u62e9\u6307\u5357<\/a>\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u7f72\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\u7684\u6709\u6548\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u50cf Hostease<\/a> \u8fd9\u6837\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a33\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u5145\u8db3\u5e26\u5bbd\uff08\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0e\u5916\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u5bb9\u91cf\u4e0a\u9650\uff09\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5546\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8ba9 PostgreSQL\uff08\u66f4\u591a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fd0\u7ef4\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u53c2\u8003\u72ec\u7acb\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fd0\u7ef4\u6307\u5357<\/a>\uff09 \u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6301\u7eed\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u652f\u6491\u4e1a\u52a1\u589e\u957f\u3002<\/p>\nEXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> \u8bc6\u522b\u6700\u6162\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u518d\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u5730\u4f18\u5316\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u76f2\u76ee\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4f18\u5316\u7279\u5b9a\u573a\u666f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003 Hostease<\/a> \u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fd0\u7ef4\u6307\u5357\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u5b9e\u8df5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"