{"id":30779,"date":"2026-05-14T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-14T02:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/?p=30779"},"modified":"2026-05-16T23:34:27","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T15:34:27","slug":"linux-ulimit-systemd-limitnofile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/linux\/linux-ulimit-systemd-limitnofile\/","title":{"rendered":"ulimit \u4e0e systemd LimitNOFILE \u5b9e\u6218\u6307\u5357"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Linux<\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u6559\u4f60\u5728 systemd \u65f6\u4ee3\u628a ulimit\u3001limits.conf \u4e0e LimitNOFILE \u4e09\u5957\u673a\u5236\u7406\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u6587\u4ef6\u53e5\u67c4\u6570\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u4e0e\u6808\u5927\u5c0f\u8fd9\u4e09\u7c7b\u9ad8\u9891\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8bfb\u5b8c\u4f60\u4f1a\u62ff\u5230\u4e09\u5957\u673a\u5236\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u56fe\u3001Nginx \u4e0e MySQL \u8c03\u4f18\u6a21\u677f\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u53e5\u67c4\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e0e fork \u5931\u8d25\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u67e5\u6e05\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u4e09\u5957\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u751f\u6548\u8def\u5f84<\/h2>\n

Linux \u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\u5206\u4e24\u5c42\uff1a\u786c\u6027\u9650\u5236\u662f\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u53ea\u80fd\u964d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5347\uff1b\u8f6f\u6027\u9650\u5236\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u751f\u6548\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u5728\u786c\u9650\u5236\u4e4b\u5185\u968f\u65f6\u8c03\u3002\u914d\u7f6e\u5165\u53e3\u81f3\u5c11\u4e09\u5904\uff1a\u4ea4\u4e92 shell \u7684 ulimit \u547d\u4ee4\u3001PAM \u6a21\u5757 pam_limits \u8bfb\u53d6\u7684 \/etc\/security\/limits.conf<\/code>\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca systemd \u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u7684 LimitNOFILE \u4e0e LimitNPROC \u7b49\u6307\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u6539\u4e86 limits.conf \u4ecd\u7136\u62a5\u53e5\u67c4\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1f\u5173\u952e\u662f\u9650\u5236\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5c42\u7ea7\u88ab\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff1asystemd \u542f\u52a8\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u4e0d\u8d70 PAM \u4e5f\u4e0d\u8bfb limits.conf\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728 unit \u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u5199 Limit \u9879\uff1bsshd \u767b\u5f55\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92 shell \u8d70 PAM \u8bfb limits.conf\uff0c\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u4e92\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u662f\u65b0\u624b\u6700\u5e38\u8e29\u7684\u5751\u3002\u4e91\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5b98\u65b9\u955c\u50cf\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8303\u56f4\u9650\u5236\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u9009\u578b\u53ef\u53c2\u8003 \u4e91\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9009\u8d2d\u6307\u5357<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001ulimit \u4e0e limits.conf \u5b9e\u6218<\/h2>\n

\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u914d\u7f6e\u5199\u5728 \/etc\/security\/limits.conf<\/code>\uff0c\u6309\u683c\u5f0f \u57df \u7c7b\u578b \u9879 \u503c<\/code> \u7ed9\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u6216 root \u7528\u6237\u5206\u522b\u8bbe soft \u4e0e hard \u7684 nofile \u4e0e nproc\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237 nofile soft 65535 hard 1048576\u3001nproc \u90fd\u8bbe 65535\uff0croot \u7528\u6237 nofile \u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u8bbe 1048576\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u610f nproc \u8fd8\u6709 \/etc\/security\/limits.d\/20-nproc.conf<\/code> \u8fd9\u79cd\u5207\u7247\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u987a\u5e8f\u52a0\u8f7d\u3001\u540e\u8005\u8986\u76d6\u524d\u8005\u3002\u6539\u5b8c\u7528\u65b0\u767b\u5f55\u7684 ssh \u4f1a\u8bdd\u9a8c\u8bc1 ulimit -n<\/code> \u4e0e ulimit -u<\/code>\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6570\u5b57\u6ca1\u53d8\u68c0\u67e5 \/etc\/pam.d\/sshd<\/code> \u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b pam_limits \u884c\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6ca1\u542f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5bb9\u5668\u5185\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e0d\u53d7\u5bbf\u4e3b\u673a limits.conf \u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u5bb9\u5668\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728 docker run \u91cc\u52a0 --ulimit<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u6216\u5728 Kubernetes pod spec \u901a\u8fc7 securityContext \u95f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\u3002Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u914d\u7f6e<\/a>\u76f8\u5173\u53ef\u53c2\u8003 \u7f8e\u56fd VPS \u90e8\u7f72\u6559\u7a0b<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001systemd \u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 Limit*<\/h2>\n

systemd \u542f\u52a8\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5728 unit \u6587\u4ef6 [Service] \u6bb5\u91cc\u7528 Limit* \u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u6bd4 limits.conf \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u9ad8\u4e14\u4e13\u95e8\u751f\u6548\uff1a\u5199 LimitNOFILE \u8bbe\u53e5\u67c4\u4e0a\u9650\u3001LimitNPROC \u8bbe\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u3001LimitSTACK \u4e0e LimitMEMLOCK \u8bbe\u6808\u4e0e\u9501\u5185\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u7f16\u8f91\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u81ea\u5e26\u7684 unit \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7528 systemctl edit<\/code> \u521b\u5efa drop-in\uff0c\u5199\u5b8c\u6267\u884c systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl restart<\/code>\u3002\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7528 cat \/proc\/<pid>\/limits<\/code> \u770b Max open files \u4e0e Max processes \u4e24\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

systemd \u8f83\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u9ed8\u8ba4 LimitNOFILE \u8f6f\u9650\u5236\u53ea\u6709 1024\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u8001\u955c\u50cf\u6ca1\u663e\u5f0f\u6539\u8fc7\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e00\u542f\u52a8\u5c31\u53ea\u6709 1024 \u4e2a\u53e5\u67c4\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u4e2d\u7b49\u5e76\u53d1\u5c31\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u65e0\u8bba limits.conf \u600e\u4e48\u6539\uff0csystemd \u670d\u52a1\u90fd\u8981\u5728 unit \u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u518d\u8bbe\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u7cfb\u7edf\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u9053\u5173\u5361<\/h2>\n

\u628a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u786c\u9650\u5236\u6491\u5230\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5e94\u7528\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4e3b\u52a8\u8c03\u4f4e\u8f6f\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 Nginx \u5728\u591a worker \u65f6\u6bcf\u4e2a worker \u4f1a\u6309 worker_rlimit_nofile<\/code> \u4e3b\u52a8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53e5\u67c4\u4e0a\u9650\uff1bMySQL \u901a\u8fc7 my.cnf \u7684 open_files_limit<\/code> \u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e3b\u52a8\u8c03\u7528 setrlimit \u628a\u53e5\u67c4\u4e0a\u9650\u6539\u6210\u671f\u671b\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n

Nginx \u5728\u4e3b\u914d\u7f6e\u91cc\u52a0 worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;<\/code>\u3001events \u5757\u91cc worker_connections 16384;<\/code>\uff1bMySQL \u5728 my.cnf \u7684 [mysqld] \u6bb5\u52a0 open_files_limit = 65535<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n

Java \u5e94\u7528\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u4e3b\u52a8\u8c03\uff0c\u4f46 JVM \u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u5982\u679c hard limit \u592a\u4f4e\uff0c\u90e8\u5206 NIO \u5e93\u4f1a\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5927\u91cf channel \u65f6\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u5bb9\u6613\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u662f Apache \u4e0e Tomcat \u4e5f\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9650\u5236\u9879\u8981\u9010\u4e00\u8fc7\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u56de\u6e90\u4ee3\u7406\u4e0e\u8fb9\u7f18\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u53e5\u67c4\u6d88\u8017\u7279\u522b\u5927\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18\u53ef\u770b W3 Total Cache \u8c03\u4f18\u5b9e\u6218<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001Too many open files \u7684\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u67e5<\/h2>\n

\u62a5\u9519\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u67e5\uff1a\u5148\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5f53\u524d\u9650\u5236\uff08cat \/proc\/<pid>\/limits<\/code>\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u770b\u5b9e\u9645\u6253\u5f00\u6570\uff08ls \/proc\/<pid>\/fd | wc -l<\/code>\uff09\uff0c\u7528 lsof \u770b\u5177\u4f53\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u53e5\u67c4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9650\uff08sysctl fs.file-nr \u4e0e fs.file-max\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0a\u9650\u5c31\u662f 1024 \u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u7528\u4e86 1020\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u662f systemd \u6ca1\u6539\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u9650\u516d\u4e07\u5b9e\u9645\u4e5f\u7528\u4e86\u516d\u4e07\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u771f\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u8981\u4e48\u6709\u53e5\u67c4\u6cc4\u6f0f\uff0c\u7528 lsof \u770b\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7c7b\u8d44\u6e90\u53cd\u590d\u6253\u5f00\u3002Java \u5e94\u7528\u5c24\u5176\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6ca1\u5173\u95ed\u7684\u6d41\u6216 socket \u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u5360\u7528\u53e5\u67c4\uff0c\u501f\u52a9 jcmd \u6216 jconsole \u770b OpenFileDescriptorCount \u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7ef4\u62a4\u89c1 WordPress \u5206\u7c7b<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u516d\u3001\u5185\u6838\u5c42\u5168\u5c40\u9650\u5236<\/h2>\n

\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ea7\u9650\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u5c42\u7cfb\u7edf\u5168\u5c40\u9650\u5236\uff1afs.file-max<\/code> \u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u603b\u6570\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5185\u6838\u6309\u5185\u5b58\u81ea\u52a8\u7b97\u4e00\u822c\u65e0\u9700\u8c03\uff1bfs.nr_open<\/code> \u662f\u5355\u8fdb\u7a0b hard limit \u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u8981\u628a LimitNOFILE \u8bbe\u66f4\u5927\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u8c03\u5b83\uff1bkernel.pid_max<\/code> \u662f\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7\u4e0a\u9650\u65b0\u5185\u6838\u53ef\u8c03\u5230\u56db\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7\uff1bvm.max_map_count<\/code> \u662f\u5355\u8fdb\u7a0b\u80fd mmap \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u6620\u5c04\u6570\uff0cElasticsearch \u4e0e ClickHouse \u8fd9\u7c7b\u5e94\u7528\u8981\u8c03\u5230 262144\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5199\u5230 sysctl.d \u628a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53c2\u6570\u6279\u91cf\u63d0\u5230\u5408\u9002\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\uff0c\u8fd9\u5957\u5168\u5c40\u9650\u5236\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u914d\u597d\u540e\u591a\u5e74\u4e0d\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e03\u3001\u5e38\u89c1\u8bef\u533a\u4e0e\u6392\u67e5\u5b9e\u6218<\/h2>\n

\u6574\u7406\u4e00\u7ec4\u751f\u4ea7\u91cc\u771f\u5b9e\u9047\u5230\u7684\u8bef\u533a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0climits.conf \u7ed9 root \u7528\u6237 nofile \u6539\u5230\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u4f46\u5b9e\u6d4b\u4ecd\u662f 1024\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f sshd \u7684 systemd unit \u6587\u4ef6 LimitNOFILE \u9650\u5230 1024\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0a\u5c42\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4fee\u590d\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6539 sshd.service \u7684 drop-in\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0cDocker \u5bb9\u5668\u5185 ulimit \u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u9ad8\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u53e5\u67c4\u6253\u5f00\u51e0\u5343\u5c31\u62a5\u9519\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5bbf\u4e3b\u673a fs.nr_open \u6ca1\u8c03\u591f\uff0c\u8981\u5148\u8c03\u5bbf\u4e3b\u673a sysctl \u624d\u80fd\u8ba9\u5bb9\u5668 nofile \u771f\u6b63\u751f\u6548\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0cJava \u8fdb\u7a0b\u62a5”Too many open files”\u4f46 lsof \u770b\u53ea\u6709\u51e0\u5343\u4e2a\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f JVM \u7528 epoll \u521b\u5efa\u5927\u91cf selector \u6bcf\u4e2a\u5360\u4e00\u4e2a fd\uff0c\u7528 jcmd \u67e5 OpenFileDescriptorCount \u624d\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u5168\u8c8c\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\uff0ccron \u4efb\u52a1\u62a5\u53e5\u67c4\u4e0d\u8db3\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u547d\u4ee4\u5728 shell \u91cc\u8dd1\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f cron \u4e0d\u8d70 PAM \u4e5f\u4e0d\u8bfb limits.conf\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u811a\u672c\u5f00\u5934\u663e\u5f0f ulimit \u6216\u6539\u7528 systemd timer\u3002<\/p>\n

\u516b\u3001\u538b\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e0e\u65e5\u5e38\u5de1\u68c0<\/h2>\n

\u8c03\u5b8c\u9650\u5236\u540e\u5fc5\u987b\u505a\u4e00\u6b21\u538b\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u63a8\u8350\u5de5\u5177\u7ec4\u5408\uff1a\u7528 ab \u6216 wrk \u538b HTTP \u670d\u52a1\u5230\u76ee\u6807 QPS\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7528 watch \u76d1\u63a7 \/proc\/<pid>\/limits<\/code> \u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\uff1b\u7528 stress-ng \u7684 fork \u6a21\u5f0f\u5236\u9020\u5927\u91cf fork \u770b nproc \u9650\u5236\u662f\u5426\u5230\u4f4d\uff1b\u7528 prlimit \u5b9e\u65f6\u67e5\u770b\u4e0e\u4fee\u6539\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684 limit \u4e0d\u5fc5\u91cd\u542f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e5\u5e38\u5de1\u68c0\u811a\u672c\u5efa\u8bae\u6bcf\u5929\u8dd1\u4e00\u6b21\uff1a\u626b\u63cf\u6240\u6709 systemd \u670d\u52a1\u7684 LimitNOFILE \u4e0e LimitNPROC \u5bf9\u6bd4\u9608\u503c\uff1b\u8bb0\u5f55\u5173\u952e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684 fd \u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u8d85\u8fc7 80% \u63d0\u524d\u544a\u8b66\uff1b\u6309\u5468\u770b EMFILE \u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7d2f\u8ba1\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u5de1\u68c0\u5bf9\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e2e\u52a9\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e0a\u7ebf\u534a\u5e74\u540e\u7a81\u7136\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5c34\u5c2c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u5efa\u8bae<\/h2>\n

ulimit \u4e09\u5957\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f\u5148\u8ba4\u6e05\u751f\u6548\u8def\u5f84\u518d\u4e0b\u624b\uff1a\u4ea4\u4e92\u767b\u5f55\u8d70 PAM\uff0csystemd \u670d\u52a1\u8d70 unit \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5bb9\u5668\u8d70\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u6309\u672c\u6587\u987a\u5e8f\u843d\u5730\uff1a\u5148\u8c03 sysctl \u5168\u5c40\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u518d\u914d limits.conf\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e2a systemd \u670d\u52a1\u7684 drop-in \u6587\u4ef6\u5199 Limit \u9879\u3002\u591a\u673a\u90e8\u7f72\u53ef\u628a\u8fd9\u5957\u914d\u7f6e\u7eb3\u5165 Ansible \u6807\u51c6\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u65b0\u673a\u5668\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u4e0b\u53d1\u3002\u4e8b\u524d\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u628a\u57fa\u7ebf\u914d\u597d\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u540e\u7eed\u65e0\u6570\u6b21\u71ac\u591c\u6392\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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