{"id":30767,"date":"2026-04-28T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-04-28T02:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/?p=30767"},"modified":"2026-05-16T23:26:52","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T15:26:52","slug":"nftables-practical","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/linux\/nftables-practical\/","title":{"rendered":"nftables \u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b9e\u6218"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"nftables \u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b9e\u6218\u793a\u610f\" src=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/nftables-practical-cover.webp\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u6559\u4f60\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3 Linux \u4e0a\u7528 nftables \u66ff\u4ee3 iptables\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u8fc1\u79fb\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u6a21\u677f\u3001NAT \u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e94\u7c7b\u573a\u666f\u3002\u8bfb\u5b8c\u4f60\u4f1a\u62ff\u5230\u4e00\u4efd\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u5957\u7528\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5165\u7ad9\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u4e00\u4efd\u547d\u4ee4\u5bf9\u7167\u8868\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u9488\u5bf9\u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u751f\u6548\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u7206\u91cf\u7684\u6392\u67e5\u6e05\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e00\u3001\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ece iptables \u8fc1\u79fb\u5230 nftables<\/h2>\n<p>iptables \u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u89c4\u5219\u8d8a\u591a\u7ebf\u6027\u904d\u5386\u8d8a\u6162\u3001\u8868\u4e0e\u94fe\u7ed3\u6784\u9650\u5236\u591a\u3001IPv4 \u4e0e IPv6 \u8981\u5199\u4e24\u5957\u3002nftables \u662f Linux 3.13 \u5f15\u5165\u7684\u65b0\u6846\u67b6\uff0c2018 \u5e74\u8d77\u88ab\u4e3b\u6d41\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u8bbe\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4f18\u52bf\uff1a\u5355\u4e00\u6846\u67b6\u652f\u6301 IPv4 \u4e0e IPv6 \u4e0e\u6865\u63a5\u3001\u539f\u5b50\u89c4\u5219\u66f4\u65b0\u4e0d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e2d\u95f4\u6001\u3001set \u4e0e map \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7\u6761\u76ee\u4ecd\u662f\u5e38\u6570\u65f6\u95f4\u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u66f4\u53cb\u597d\u7684 JSON \u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>iptables \u547d\u4ee4\u73b0\u5728\u4ecd\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5e95\u5c42\u8d70 iptables-nft \u7ffb\u8bd1\u5c42\u6700\u7ec8\u8c03 nftables \u540e\u7aef\uff0c\u65b0\u9879\u76ee\u76f4\u63a5\u5b66 nftables \u8bed\u6cd5\u3002\u4e91\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5b98\u65b9\u955c\u50cf\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5c31\u662f nftables\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u9009\u578b\u53ef\u53c2\u8003 <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/guides\/cloud-server-buying-guide\/\">\u4e91\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9009\u8d2d\u6307\u5357<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u3001\u8868\/\u94fe\/\u89c4\u5219\u4e09\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784<\/h2>\n<p>nftables \u4e09\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\uff1atable \u6309\u5730\u5740\u65cf\u5206\u7c7b\uff08inet \u540c\u65f6\u652f\u6301 IPv4 \u4e0e IPv6\uff0c\u53e6\u6709 ip\u3001ip6\u3001arp\u3001bridge\u3001netdev\uff09\uff1bchain \u6302\u5230 hook \u70b9\uff08prerouting\u3001input\u3001forward\u3001output\u3001postrouting\uff09\u5e76\u8bbe\u9ed8\u8ba4 policy\uff1brule \u662f\u5177\u4f53\u5339\u914d\u4e0e\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u662f inet filter \u8868\uff0c\u4e00\u8868\u641e\u5b9a IPv4 \u4e0e IPv6\u3002\u6700\u5c0f\u9aa8\u67b6\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u6761\u94fe\uff1ainput \u94fe\u8bbe\u9ed8\u8ba4 policy drop\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a established\/related \u653e\u884c\u3001\u56de\u73af\u63a5\u53e3\u653e\u884c\u300122 \u7aef\u53e3\u653e\u884c\uff1bforward \u94fe\u9ed8\u8ba4 drop\uff1boutput \u94fe\u9ed8\u8ba4 accept\u3002\u89c4\u5219\u7528 <code>chain input { type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop; ... }<\/code> \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u5305\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e22\u5f03\uff0c\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u8fde\u63a5\u653e\u884c\uff0c\u56de\u73af\u63a5\u53e3\u653e\u884c\uff0c22 \u7aef\u53e3\u653e\u884c\u3002\u6ce8\u610f chain \u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e type\u3001hook \u4e0e priority \u624d\u4f1a\u88ab\u5185\u6838\u6302\u8f7d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5199\u5c31\u662f\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u94fe\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e09\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5165\u7ad9\u89c4\u5219\u6a21\u677f<\/h2>\n<p>Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u5b9e\u6218\u89c4\u5219\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u5148\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a <code>set ssh_admins<\/code> \u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a ipv4_addr\uff0c\u628a\u5141\u8bb8 SSH \u7684\u53ef\u4fe1 IP \u6bb5\u5199\u8fdb\u53bb\uff1binput \u94fe\u5148\u4e22\u5f03 invalid \u8fde\u63a5\u3001\u653e\u884c established \u4e0e\u56de\u73af\u3001\u5bf9 ICMP echo \u7528 <code>limit rate 5\/second<\/code> \u9650\u901f\u3001\u653e\u884c IPv6 \u90bb\u5c45\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u518d\u7528 <code>ip saddr @ssh_admins tcp dport 22 ct state new accept<\/code> \u9650\u5236 22 \u7aef\u53e3\u53ea\u63a5\u53d7\u53ef\u4fe1 IP\u3001\u653e\u884c 80 \u4e0e 443\u3001\u6700\u540e <code>log prefix \"nft drop: \" limit rate 5\/minute<\/code> \u52a0 counter drop \u515c\u5e95\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eae\u70b9\uff1a\u7528 set \u7ef4\u62a4\u53ef\u4fe1 IP \u6bb5\uff0c\u89c4\u5219\u91cc\u76f4\u63a5\u7528 @ssh_admins \u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u65b0\u589e IP \u53ea\u6539 set \u4e0d\u6539\u89c4\u5219\uff1bICMP echo \u9650\u901f\u907f\u514d ping flood\uff1b80 \u4e0e 443 \u516c\u5f00\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u5168\u90e8 drop \u5e76\u6253\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\u65e5\u5fd7\u901a\u8fc7 dmesg \u4e0e journald \u67e5 nft drop \u524d\u7f00\u3002Web \u90e8\u7f72\u76f8\u5173\u52a0\u56fa\u53ef\u53c2\u8003 <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/tutorials\/us-vps-deployment-tutorial-guide\/\">\u7f8e\u56fd VPS \u90e8\u7f72\u6559\u7a0b<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u56db\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u5bf9\u7167\u4e0e\u8fc1\u79fb\u8def\u5f84<\/h2>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528 iptables \u547d\u4ee4\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684 nft \u5199\u6cd5\u57fa\u672c\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u7528 <code>nft list ruleset<\/code>\u3001\u52a0\u89c4\u5219\u7528 <code>nft add rule inet filter input ...<\/code>\u3001NAT \u7528 <code>nft add rule inet nat postrouting masquerade<\/code>\u3001\u6e05\u7a7a\u7528 <code>nft flush chain<\/code>\u3001\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e0e\u6062\u590d\u7528 <code>nft list ruleset<\/code> \u4e0e <code>nft -f rules.nft<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8001\u89c4\u5219\u8fc1\u79fb\u7528 iptables-translate \u5de5\u5177\uff1a\u628a iptables \u547d\u4ee4\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u524d\u7f00\u5c31\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684 nft \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7701\u5f97\u624b\u7ffb\u3002\u6279\u91cf\u8fc1\u79fb\u7528 iptables-save \u7ba1\u9053\u63a5 iptables-restore-translate\uff0c\u80fd\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u96c6\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u6362\u6210 nft \u8bed\u6cd5\u518d\u624b\u5de5\u5fae\u8c03\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e94\u3001NAT \u4e0e\u7aef\u53e3\u8f6c\u53d1<\/h2>\n<p>nftables \u7684 NAT \u8868\u4e0e filter \u8868\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u5355\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a nat \u8868\u6302\u5230 prerouting \u4e0e postrouting\uff1aprerouting \u94fe\u7528 priority -100 \u505a DNAT\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u628a\u51fa\u53e3\u7f51\u5361\u7684 8080 \u7aef\u53e3\u8f6c\u5230\u5185\u7f51 10.0.0.10:80\uff1bpostrouting \u94fe\u7528 priority 100 \u505a masquerade\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u7528\u51fa\u53e3\u63a5\u53e3 IP \u505a SNAT\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u5916\u7f51 8080 \u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42 DNAT \u5230\u5185\u7f51\uff1b\u5185\u7f51 10.0.0.0\/24 \u6bb5\u51fa\u7f51\u8d70 masquerade\u3002priority -100 \u7528\u4e8e DNAT \u5728\u8def\u7531\u524d\u751f\u6548\uff0cpriority 100 \u7528\u4e8e SNAT \u5728\u8def\u7531\u540e\u751f\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bb9\u5668\u573a\u666f\u4e0b Docker \u4ecd\u7528 iptables-nft \u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 DOCKER \u94fe\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f60\u624b\u5199\u7684 nftables \u89c4\u5219\u5171\u5b58\u3002\u8981\u770b\u5b8c\u6574\u89c4\u5219\u96c6\u7528 <code>nft list ruleset<\/code>\uff0c\u4f1a\u628a Docker \u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4e5f\u5217\u51fa\u6765\u3002CDN\uff08Content Delivery Network\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5206\u53d1\u7f51\u7edc\uff09\u8fb9\u7f18\u8282\u70b9\u7684 DDoS \u9632\u62a4\u901a\u5e38\u914d\u5408 nftables \u4e0e set \u505a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21 IP \u9ed1\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u8fb9\u7f18\u7b56\u7565\u53ef\u7ee7\u7eed\u770b <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/wordpress\/wordpress-w3-total-cache-tuning\/\">W3 Total Cache \u8c03\u4f18\u5b9e\u6218<\/a> \u4e0e <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/guides\/wordpress-hk-hosting-guide\/\">WordPress \u9999\u6e2f\u4e3b\u673a\u9009\u8d2d\u6307\u5357<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u516d\u3001\u539f\u5b50\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u6301\u4e45\u5316\u4e0e\u6392\u67e5<\/h2>\n<p>nftables \u7684\u539f\u5b50\u66f4\u65b0\u662f\u6740\u624b\u950f\uff1a\u7528 <code>nft -f<\/code> \u52a0\u8f7d\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u65b0\u65e7\u89c4\u5219\u5207\u6362\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u89c4\u5219\u90e8\u5206\u5e94\u7528\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fde\u63a5\u88ab\u8bef\u62e6\u622a\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u6001\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u4ea7\u6539\u89c4\u5219\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u952e\uff0ciptables \u4e00\u6761\u6761\u52a0\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u7a97\u53e3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6301\u4e45\u5316\u63a8\u8350\uff1a\u628a\u89c4\u5219\u5199\u5230 <code>\/etc\/nftables.conf<\/code>\uff0c\u5f00\u5934\u52a0 nft \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u58f0\u660e\u4e0e <code>flush ruleset<\/code>\uff0csystemctl enable nftables.service \u8ba9\u5b83\u5f00\u673a\u52a0\u8f7d\u3002RHEL \u4e0e Ubuntu \u90fd\u81ea\u5e26\u8fd9\u4e2a service\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898\u6392\u67e5\uff1a\u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u751f\u6548\u8981\u68c0\u67e5 chain \u662f\u5426\u58f0\u660e type\/hook\/priority\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c4\u5219\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u9ed8\u8ba4 policy \u8986\u76d6\uff1b\u65e5\u5fd7\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6ca1\u5199 log \u524d\u7f00\u6216 limit rate \u592a\u4e25\uff1bset \u67e5\u8be2\u547d\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5230\u7528 <code>nft list set<\/code> \u770b\u5b9e\u9645\u5143\u7d20\uff1bcounter \u6570\u5b57\u5f02\u5e38\u53ef\u80fd\u547d\u4e2d\u4e86\u4e0a\u4e00\u6761 established \u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u628a counter \u52a0\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u89c4\u5219\u505a\u7cbe\u786e\u8ba1\u6570\uff1b\u91cd\u542f\u540e\u89c4\u5219\u4e22\u5931\u901a\u5e38\u662f nftables.service \u6ca1 enable \u6216\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u5efa\u8bae\u628a nftables \u89c4\u5219\u7eb3\u5165 Git \u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u6539\u52a8\u901a\u8fc7 PR \u5ba1\u6838\u540e\u518d\u4e0b\u53d1\uff0c\u675c\u7edd\u51ed\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6539\u9632\u706b\u5899\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u5b89\u5168\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u7ae0\u89c1 <a href=\"https:\/\/cn.hostease.com\/blog\/category\/wordpress\/\">WordPress \u5206\u7c7b<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e03\u3001\u524d\u7aef\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u5e38\u8fd0\u7ef4<\/h2>\n<p>\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u81ea\u5e26\u7684 firewalld\uff08RHEL \u7cfb\uff09\u4e0e ufw\uff08Debian \u7cfb\uff09\u90fd\u662f nftables \u7684\u524d\u7aef\u5c01\u88c5\u3002firewalld \u7528 zone \u6982\u5ff5\u6309\u7f51\u7edc\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5206\u7ec4\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u591a\u7f51\u5361\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1bufw \u63a5\u53e3\u6700\u7b80\u6d01\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u4e2a\u4eba\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u5e95\u5c42\u90fd\u751f\u6210 nft \u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u770b\u573a\u666f\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u5355\u673a\u5c0f\u96c6\u7fa4\u4e14\u89c4\u5219\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u7528 firewalld \u6216 ufw \u7701\u4e8b\uff1b\u89c4\u6a21\u5927\u3001\u89c4\u5219\u590d\u6742\u3001\u6709\u7248\u672c\u7ba1\u7406\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5199 nft \u6587\u4ef6\u52a0 Ansible \u4e0b\u53d1\u66f4\u53ef\u63a7\u3002\u6df7\u7528\u662f\u7981\u5fcc\uff1afirewalld \u4f1a\u6e05\u7a7a\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u624b\u5199\u7684 nft\u3002<\/p>\n<p>nftables \u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u52bf\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u89c4\u5219\u96c6\uff1aset \u4e0e map \u5728\u5185\u90e8\u7528\u7ea2\u9ed1\u6811\u6216\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u767e\u4e07\u6761\u76ee\u67e5\u8be2\u4ecd\u662f\u5e38\u6570\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8fdc\u4f18\u4e8e iptables \u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u904d\u5386\u3002\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u7ed9\u722c\u866b IP \u9ed1\u540d\u5355\u5e38\u7528 set \u7ef4\u62a4\u51e0\u5341\u4e07 IP \u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u76d1\u63a7\u5bf9\u63a5\u4e0a\u6bcf\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u52a0 counter 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